Illegal migration figures and paradoxes
Data from 2025 indicates that 117.8 million people worldwide were displaced due to persecution, conflict, violence, human rights violations, or even serious breakdowns of public order. Of these, 68.7 million were internally displaced, while 35.6 million required international protection. This group included 6 million Palestinians and 9 million migrants awaiting approval for international protection.
In addition to legal migration, countries not at war also face illegal migration, even when there is no state of conflict in the countries of origin. As early as October of this year, the EU adopted much stricter measures regarding illegal migration, even though the situation was not yet as alarming as it had been in 2015. In any case, the volume of both legal and illegal migration is rising year by year; even when the situation in their home countries stabilizes, most migrants refuse to return, and new migrants continue to arrive. Consequently, host countries encounter foreign cultures on their own soil—cultures that may differ vastly from, or even contradict, their own. Since illegal border crossing is a criminal offense for their own citizens, these countries have also adopted a tougher stance toward illegal migrants, with increasingly frequent calls for their consistent return to their countries of origin. The global economic crisis—and possibly the importation of foreign conflicts—likely contributed to this situation.
The case of illegal migration in Slovenia serves as a useful example; the country shares borders with Croatia, Italy, Hungary, and Austria—none of which are in a security-threatening situation that would compel people to cross the Slovenian border in a desperate bid to save their lives. By the end of August this year, 20,164 migrants had crossed the border illegally—an increase from the 16,236 recorded during the same period last year. The highest number of illegal migrants continues to be recorded at the border with Croatia, with the majority coming from distant countries such as Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Egypt.
This presents a genuine paradox: despite the EU’s announced policy of stricter measures against illegal migrants, Slovenia is actually seeing a rise in their numbers. According to data from the agency Frontex, nearly 75,000 illegal border crossings into the European Union were recorded in the first eight months of the year—a 35% decrease compared to the same period last year. Consequently, Slovenia’s increase in illegal migrants bucks the general European trend, as a rise in illegal migration has been observed along the so-called Balkan route. Aside from the Balkan route, the only other major route recording growth in 2026 is the Western Mediterranean route (towards Spain), primarily due to an increased number of departures from Algeria.
EU member states are currently facing persistent Russian threats of military intervention or attacks in retaliation for their support of Ukraine, which was invaded by Russia over four years ago. The EU is hosting more than 4.43 million legal refugees from Ukraine—a country with which it shares a border—while the total number of Ukrainian refugees is estimated to have reached 6.7 million. Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic host the largest numbers of Ukrainian refugees. A significant portion of the associated costs incurred by member states is co-financed by the European Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF).
Each refugee costs the host country an average of €10,000 to €15,000 annually—a figure that raises concerns, given that many EU member states are reluctant to provide even basic unemployment benefits to their own citizens. Furthermore, there is ongoing debate regarding whether, in the event of a military attack, citizens would be permitted to migrate to safety or would be expected to defend their homeland.
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